Sample Essay on the Ethics of Dating Websites Do People Benefit from Online Dating

Dating industry, similarly to gaming, is huge. If one looks at the statistics, the numbers are impressive: eHarmony has 16.5 million users, Match.com has 23.5, and OKCupid has around 30 million with an average of 1 million unique users daily. Last year, a mobile dating app called Tinder invaded the market, which resulted in over 450 million profiles in less than a year. Meanwhile, the total industry’s revenue has been estimated at $1.75 billion. It is not entirely clear who benefits more: the big industry players who own dating websites or the users who surf these websites for online dating. Can users benefit from them at all? For those who are looking for a committed long-term relationship, dating websites might be not the best solution. Of the total number of marriages, 17% are those who met each other on a dating website. The situation with long-term partnerships is not much better: of the committed relationships, 20% have started online. At the same time, about 10% of dating websites users is sex offenders. This suggests that chances of finding a potential spouse are slightly greater than the ones of bumping into an offender. While the main purpose of any dating website seems obvious, which is finding a partner for a relationship of any kind, there is even more to online dating that usually lies hidden. The comparison of online dating realm to the gaming industry in the beginning was not a mere coincidence. People have been talking about gamification of the dating process as a result of technologization. It suggests instant gratification of people’s needs that cannot be momentarily achieved with â€Å"real-life† dating. According to psychologists, a person would rather spend a few minutes assessing a hundred of potential partner’s photos than dedicate an hour to finding out about the other one face to face. Online dating is rewarding. It is fast and it does not require too much of a person’s resources, except for money. Talking about money, a typical dating website client spends around $240 every year. There are a lot of in-platform purchase options that allow users not just to communicate with others, but to have fun as well. Thus, for some, an online dating network is a good way to look for â€Å"the right one† by narrowing down a number of search parameters, while for others it is just a fast reward system. Generally, in order to understand whether people actually benefit from dating websites, one should clarify the purpose with which he or she is using a dating website. If it is online dating as a way of having fun —  an exchange of flirty messages or calls to kill some time — then both parts should agree on this form of interaction. However, if it is a genuine search of a life partner — or at least a search for someone to hang out with face to face — then both parties should leave the limited settings of a dating website as soon as possible and start â€Å"real-life† communication which will turn out to be much more rewarding. References Aretz, W., Demuth, I., Schmidt, K., Vierlein, J. (2010). Partner Search in the Digital Age. Psychological Characteristics of Online Dating-Service-Users and Its Contribution to the Explanation of Different Patterns of Utilization. Journal of Business and Media Psychology, 1. Ehrenberg, A., Juckes, S. White, K. Walsh, S . P. (2008). Personality and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Young People’s Technology Use. CyberPsychology Behavior, 11 (6). Kim , M ., Kwon , K .- N . Lee , M . (2009). Psychological Characteristics of Internet Dating Services Users: The Effect Of Self-Esteem, Involvement, and Sociability on the Use of Internet Dating Services, CyberPsychology Behavior, 12. McKenna , K . Y.A ., Green , A . Gleason , M . (2002). Relationship Formation on the Internet: What’s the Big Attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58. Valkenburg P.M . Peter, J . (2007). Who Visits Online Dating Sites? Exploring Some Characteristics of Online Daters. CyberPsychology Behavior, 10 (6). Whitty, T. W. (2007). The Art of Selling Ones Self on an Online Dating Site: the BAR Approach. In M. T. Whitty, A. J. Baker J. A. Inman (Eds.). Online matchmaking (pp. 57-69). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Armstrong, L., Phillips, J. G. Saling, L. L. (2000). Potential Determinants of Heavier Internet Usage. International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, 53.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Essay

Inflammatory Bowel Disease/ Crohns Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic disorders that cause inflammation or ulceration in the small and large intestines. Most often IBD is classified as ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease but may be referred to as colitis, enteritis, ileitis, and proctitis. Ulcerative colitis causes ulceration and inflammation of the inner lining of a couple of really bad places, while Crohns disease is an inflammation that extends into the deeper layers of the intestinal wall. Ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease cause similar symptoms that often resemble other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (spastic colitis). The correct diagnosis may take some time. Crohns disease†¦show more content†¦These procedures are done by putting the barium, a chalky solution, into the upper or lower intestines. The barium shows up white on x-ray film, revealing inflammation or ulceration and other abnormalities in the intestine. If you have Crohns disease, you may need medical care for a long time. Your doctor also will want to test you regularly to check on your condition. What Is the Treatment? Several drugs are helpful in controlling Crohns disease, but at this time there is no cure. The usual goals of therapy are to correct nutritional deficiencies; to control inflammation; and to relieve abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bleeding in a really bad place. Abdominal cramps and diarrhea may be helped by drugs. The drug sulfasalazine often lessens the inflammation, especially in the colon. This drug can be used for as long as needed, and it can be used along with other drugs. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, weight loss, heartburn, diarrhea, and headache occur in a small percentage of cases. Patients who do not do well on sulfasalazine often do very well on related drugs known as mesalamine or 5-ASA agents. More serious cases may require steroid drugs, antibiotics, or drugs that affect the bodys immune system such as azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Can Diet Control Crohns Disease? No special diet has been proven effective for preventing or treating this disease. Some people find their symptoms are made worse by milk, alcohol, hot spices, orShow MoreRelatedCrohns Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesCrohn’s disease is a life-long condition effecting victims of any age. It is considered a form of an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells throughout the body’s gastrointestinal tract. 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However, pathophysiological understandings of IBD seem to beRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis 861 Words   |  3 PagesInflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to a variety of conditions in which a chronic immune response and inflammation occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are triggered by an abnormal response by the body’s immune system. In a normal functioning immune system, the cells protect the body from infection. However, in those who are suffering from IBD, the immune system mistakes bacteria, food, and other materialsRead MoreThe Inflammatory Bowel Disorder Known As Crohn s Disease ( Cd )1291 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental purpose of this paper is to apprise to the reader pivotal information on the inflammatory bowel disorder known as Crohn’s Disease (CD). 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Her doctor performed laboratory tests of blood and stoolRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesInflammatory Bowel Disease 1. Describe the pathopysiology of the disease you have chosen – What is the spectrum of disease/pathology the disease? Is the disease characterized by inflammation, etc? Is it an infectious and/or chronic disease? If so what is the agent, its reservoir, mode of transmission etc. Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic illness characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract (Wolf, CDC, Mayo clinic, health direct, NHS choices). Patients suffering from inflammatoryRead MoreInflammatory Bowel Disease ( Ibd )1434 Words   |  6 Pages Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be defined as the chronic condition (it is persistent/ long-standing disease) resulting from inappropriate mucosal immune activation. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can start at any age. However, it is frequently seen among teenagers And also among young adults in their early twenties, both genders can be affected by this disease. There are two conditions that traditionally comprise inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis and crohns disease. ComparisonRead MoreCrohn s Disease And Its Effects On The Ileum And Colon1658 Words   |  7 Pages Crohn’s Disease David Layfield Anatomy and Physiology II BIOL 2402.23001 Prof. Glenn Kasparian Brookhaven College Farmers Branch, TX 3 May 2017 Table of Contents î ¿ ¿Abstract 2 History 3 Physiology 5 Treatment 6 Bibliography 9î ¿ ¾  Abstract Crohn’s disease is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease primarily affecting the ileum and colon. It was first defined in detail in a paper by Burrill B. Crohn and two colleagues, where it was differentiated from other generic bowel diseases. Although they proposed

Exploration of Pharmacology Case for Asthma- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theExploration of Pharmacology Case for Childhood Asthma. Answer: Introduction: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and allergic disease associated with symptoms like insufficient breathing, coughing and wheezing. Childhood asthma is more prevalent and nocturnal cough is the most prominent symptom of it. Patient in this case, Jessica is having asthma. She is five-year child and she is showing symptoms like cold, nasal discharge, nocturnal cough and breath shortness. Risk factors responsible for the occurrence of asthma are cold air, exercise, pollen and viruses. It can also occur due to medications like aspirin and blockers. Genetic factors also play major role in the occurrence of asthma. Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions occur in asthma. In this paper different aspects of asthma in Jessica are discussed. These aspects include pathophysiology, treatment and symptoms related to the asthma. Pharmacology: Constriction is a prominent feature of asthma. Constrictions of the airway can lead to the constriction of muscle surrounding chest which results in the tightness of the chest. Breathing problem in the asthma patients results in the lowered oxygen saturation in asthma patients which results in the diminished supply of oxygen to muscles and cells. Deficiency of oxygen can lead to development of fatigue in asthma patients. Patients with progressive and worsening asthma exhibit nocturnal asthma which results in insomnia and fatigue in the daytime (Krishnan et al., 2012; S124-35). Bronchoconstriction produces shortness of breath in Jessica. Hence, bronchodilator such as salbutamol was being administered to her. Salbutamol in the form of inhalation is useful as bronchodilator in asthma patients. Inhaled salbutamol exhibits peak plasma concentration at 3 4 hours after inhalation. Hence, Jessica can get relieved from the breathlessness after 3 4 hours after its administration. Inhaled salbutamol exhibits average plasma half-life of 4 6 hours. However, literature indicate that salbutamol can exhibit bronchodilation within five minutes of its administration, irrespective of the plasma concentration. Hence, inhaled salbutamol can exhibit its efficacy upto approximately 20 hours because concentration of drug become approximately negligible after 4 half-lives. Salbutamol metabolism occurs through phase II metabolism and it produces glucuronide and sulphated conjugates. Approximately 85 % of the inhaled drug can be detected in the urine after 48 hours. It indicates that there is not complete elimination of drug in Jessica after 48 hours. Hence, there can be bronchodilation and improvement in breathing in Jessica within five minutes of its administration and it can lasts upto 4 6 hours. Inflammation is the main mechanism responsible for the occurrence of asthma. Henceforth, to reduce this inflammation, anti-inflammatory medication such as prednisone is being administered to Jessica. Prednisolone exhibits peak plasms concentration at around 1 3 hours. Hence, it exhibits maximum anti-inflammatory effect at around 3 hours. From the literature, it is evident that there is no correlation exists between the plasma concentration of prednisolone and clinical response. However, it can be considered that alternate day administration with fluctuating plasma concentrations can be considered as the most effective regimen for the administration of prednisolone. However, in case Jessica, STAT dose of prednisolone is advised because she is exhibiting breathlessness. Breathlessness can occur in Jessica due to bronchoconstriction as a result of inflammation and its medicators. Hence, emergency administration of prednisolone is advised in Jessica. Plasms half-life of prednisolone is 2.1 to 3.5 hours. Hence, it can exhibit its effect upto 10 12 hours (Bergmann et al., 2016). Ipratropium inhalation can be used as broncholytic agent in asthma patients. It can be useful to open the congested respiratory tract in asthma patients. Bioavailability of ipratropium is between 1 6 %. Half-life of inhaled ipratropium is 2 hours. Hence, this drug can produce its effect upto approximately 6 hours after its administration. Ipratropium can be excreted in urine and feces as unchanged and as metabolites. It produces eight metabolites, however none of the metabolites are active as anticholinergic drug. It gets metabolized in inactive ester hydrolysis products. Ipratropium bromide is being given to Jessica for three times with 20 minutes apart duration (Norris Ambery, 2013). Hence, it can be useful in maintaining required concentration for exhibiting broncholytic effect in Jessica. Symptoms: Jessica is showing symptoms line coughing and wheezing. Coughing is the most common symptom of asthma. In asthma patients, cough can be of two types like dry cough and wet cough. In children of Jessicas age, there can be augmented intensity and frequency of cough at the night time. It is called as nocturnal cough (Ng How, 2014; 36-41). Cough have categorized into productive and nonproductive cough. In productive cough, phlegm can be expelled; hence bacteria and other particles can have eliminated from the respiratory tract. Henceforth, it is considered as one of the defense and protective systems of the body. However, majority of the Asthma patients produce non-productive cough which is dry in nature (Niimi et al., 2013; 932-7).. Irritants which are risk factors of bronchoconstriction are mainly responsible for non-productive cough. This bronchoconstriction can be treated by administering bronchodilator like inhaled salbutamol. Salbutamol exhibits its action by acting on the 2 adren ergic receptors and it produces agonist activity on this receptor. There are different types of 2 agonists available and salbutamol is the short acting 2 agonist. In the bronchial smooth muscle of the lung, 2 adrenergic receptors are the major receptors. Agonist activity of the salbutamol results in the 2 adrenergic receptors activation, which further produces activation of the adenyl cyclase enzyme. Adenyl cyclase produces its action by catalyzing conversion of adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) to adenosine-mono-phosphate (cyclic AMP). Augmentation of the cyclic AMP exhibits its effect by bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (Busse et al., 2016; 54-64). Airway resistance is also a prominent feature of asthma. Salbutamol reduces intracellular calcium ion concentrations in the airway and reduces airway resistance. Increase in the levels of histamine and leukotriene results in the bronchoconstriction. Cyclic AMP level augmentation can lead to inhibition of release of histamine and leukotrie ne. Hence, it produces relaxation effect of airway by inhibiting bronchoconstrictors like histamine and leukotriene (van Buul, 2015; 1713-25). Wheezing is the whistling sound of exhaled air. Wheezing follows forceful flow of air through the narrow and constricted airways. Chronic inflammation and mucus deposition are mainly responsible for the occurrence of wheezing in asthma patients like Jessica. As a result of airway narrowing and bronchoconstriction, insufficient breathing can occur in patients (Pescatore et al., 2014; 8-13). This inflammation can be treated with anti-inflammatory medication like prednisolone. It exhibits its action by different mechanisms such as : acting on feedback mechanism in immune system, anti-inflammatory and as immune suppressant. As a result, it can be useful in different immune medicated diseases like asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. It produces its anti-inflammatory action by binding to glucocorticoid receptor (Agache, 2013; 249-56). Through this binding, there is activation of glucocorticoid receptors. Its activation initiates two processes like transacti vation and transrepression. Both transactivation and transrepression are responsible for the anti-inflammatory action of prednisone. Transactivation process produces anti-inflammatory effect by upregulation of different anti-inflammatory genes like lipocortin I, p11/calpactin binding protein, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor 1 (SLPI), and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MAPK phosphatase). Transrepression process produces anti-inflammatory action by suppressing expression of proinflammatory proteins in cytosol. It results in the prevention of translocation of transcription factors like NF-B from cytosol to the nucleus (Olin Wechsler, 2014, 349). Critical thinking and rationale: Asthma pathophysiology can be categorized in four different aspects like bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling. Allergens lead to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) dependent secretions like histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Mast cells released mediators lead to contraction of airway smooth muscles, narrowing of the airways and bronchoconstriction. Jessica also exhibiting shortness of breath due to bronchoconstriction. Inflammation of the airways is mainly responsible for the bronchoconstriction (Mims, 2015; S2-6). Inflammation of the airways and bronchoconstriction are the main hall marks of asthma. Hence, by administration of bronchodilator like salbutamol there can be improvement in the bronchoconstriction in asthma patient like Jessica. By administration of anti-inflammatory drug like prednisolone there can be improvement in the pathological processes like airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling. Different inflammatory cells like Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, microphases and resident cells of airway play important role in inflammation of airways. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 contribute for the inflammation in asthma. Mucus hypersecretion and deposition of mucus plugs due to inflammation produce edema in airway which results in the hindrance for flow of air through airways (Doeing Solway, 2013; 834-43). Anticholinergic drug like ipratropium inhalation can act broncholytic agent to open the respiratory tract. By administration of the anti-inflammatory drug like prednisolone, secretion of these inflammatory mediators can be reversed and further consequences of inflammation like bronchoconstriction, airway edema, airway hyper responsiveness and airway remodeling can be prevented. By preventing these pathological changes breathing insufficiency can be improved and coughing and sneezing can be prevented. Airflow limitati on results in the less oxygen saturation in Jessica. To compensate, less oxygen saturation, Jessica is being supplemented with artificial oxygen with flow rate of 10 - 15L/minute via face mask (Bergmann, 2014; 69-80; West et al., 2013). Medications administered to Jessica can be useful to produce either symptomatic relief or can be useful in the acute stage. Hence, in chronic stage of asthma varied pathological changes like airway hyperresponsiveness subsequent to the chronic inflammation and structural changes can occur. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the airways and lungs can occur due to chronic inflammation. Airway remodeling results in the structural and pathological alterations in the respiratory tract followed by chronic inflammation. It results in the loss of lung function. Airway remodeling produces structural cells activation in the airway, structural alterations of cells in the airway and airway responsiveness alterations. Airway remodeling produces changes like sub-basement membrane thickening, subepithelial fibrosis, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, proliferation and dilation of blood vessels, mucous gland hyperplasia and hypersecretion. Airway remodeling reflects persistent, chronic and progressive feature of the asthma. Airway narrowing and airway modeling results in the forceful flow of air through the airways which can produce coughing and wheezing in the asthma patients. Due to airway narrowing and airway modeling, there is forceful passage of air through airways of Jessica. In Jessica also, this forceful passage of air lead to coughing and sneezing (Bonini Usmani, 2015; 281-93). Hence, it is necessary to administer medications to recover from the airway remodeling. Conclusion: Asthma is a multifactorial disease due to different risk factors and varied symptoms. Symptoms of asthma can be prevented by averting exposure to risk factors like allergens and irritants. Coughing and wheezing are the prominent symptoms of asthma; however, these are also associated with other respiratory diseases. Hence, accurate diagnosis need to be performed for providing specific treatment and management of asthma. Pathological changes in asthma comprises of sequential events like inflammation, edema, bronchospasm, and remodeling. Pathological changes like inflammation and bronchospasm can be treated with medications like anti-inflammatory drugs and bronchodilator inhalation. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma; hence it exhibits different symptoms. All these mechanisms can not be targeted by using single drug and all these symptoms can not be treated by using single drug. Hence, research need to be carried to develop drug with multiple effects on varie d mechanisms of asthma. In summary, more research is required for providing complete treatment to asthma patients. References: Agache, I.O. (2013). From phenotypes to endotypes to asthma treatment. Current Opinion In Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 13(3), 249-56. https://insights.ovid.com/allergy-clinical-immunology/coaci/2013/06/000/phenotypes-endotypes-asthma-treatment/6/00130832. Bergmann, T.K., Barraclough, K.A., Lee, K.J., Staatz CE. (2012). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prednisolone and prednisone in solid organ transplantation. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 51(11), pp. 711-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018468. Bergmann, K.C. (2014). Asthma. Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 100, pp. 69-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925386. Bonini, M., Usmani, O.S. (2015). The role of the small airways in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 9(6), pp. 281-93. Busse, W.W., Dahl, R., Jenkins, C., Cruz, A.A. (2016). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists: a potential add-on therapy in the treatment of asthma? European Respiratory Review, 25(139), pp. 54-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26929422. Doeing, D.C, Solway, J. (2013). Airway smooth muscle in the pathophysiology and treatment of asthma. Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(7), pp. 834-43. Krishnan, J.A, Lemanske, R.F. Jr., Canino, G.J., Elward, K.S., Kattan, M., Matsui, E.C., Mitchell, H., Sutherland, E.R., Minnicozzi, M. (2012). Asthma outcomes: symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 129(3), pp. S124-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305987. Mims, J.W. (2015). Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. International Forum of Allergy Rhinology, 5(l), pp. S2-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26335832. Ng, M.C., How, C.H. (2014). Recurrent wheeze and cough in young children: is it asthma? Singapore Medical Journal, 55(5), pp. 36-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862744. Norris, V., Ambery, C. (2013). Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 26(5), pp. 574-80. Niimi, A., Ohbayashi, H., Sagara, H., Yamauchi, K., Akiyama, K., Takahashi, K., Inoue, H. et al.,(2013). Cough variant and cough-predominant asthma are major causes of persistent cough: a multicenter study in Japan. Journal of Asthma, 50(9), pp. 932-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23841529. Olin, J..T, Wechsler, M.E. (2014). Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. British Medical Journal, 349, g5517. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5517. Pescatore,A.M., Dogaru, C.M., Duembgen, L., Silverman, M., Gaillard, E.A., Spycher, B.D., Kuehni, C.E. (2014). A simple asthma prediction tool for preschool children with wheeze or cough. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 133(1), pp. 8-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891353. van Buul, A.R, Taube, C. (2015). Treatment of severe asthma: entering the era of targeted therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 15(12), pp. 1713-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26331583. West, A.R., Syyong, H.T., Siddiqui, S., Pascoe, C.D., Murphy, T.M., Maarsingh, H., Deng, L., Maksym, G.N., Boss, Y. (2013). Airway contractility and remodeling: links to asthma symptoms. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 26(1), pp. 3-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989721.

The Yoga Sutras Essay Example

The Yoga Sutras Paper The Sutras are built on a foundation of Samkhya doctrine. The division into the Eight Limbs ( Sanskrit Ashtanga ) of Yoga is evocative of Buddha s Baronial Eightfold Path ; inclusion of Brahmaviharas ( Yoga Sutra 1:33 ) besides shows Buddhism s influence on parts of the Sutras. In the Yoga Sutras, Patanjali prescribes attachment to eight limbs or stairss ( the amount of which constitute Ashtanga Yoga , the rubric of the 2nd chapter ) to hush one s head and accomplish kaivalya. The Yoga Sutras organize the theoretical and philosophical footing of Raja Yoga, and are considered to be the most organized and complete definition of that subject. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is a book of 195/6 separate phrases that are designed to be easy to memorise. Because it is a work that is every spot as much a portion of modern yoga as it was a portion of the birth of yoga, this peculiar book is held in really high regard in the yoga universe. Philosophic Background We will write a custom essay sample on The Yoga Sutras specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Yoga Sutras specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Yoga Sutras specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are several philosophical constructs, which were pondered over by assorted schools of idea around 600 B.C. to 400 A.D. in eastern part of the universe. The school of Samkhya is one of those philosophical systems. Samkhya, marks the shifting of thought from Vedic monism to the construct of dualism as the primary cause of the existence. In Samkhya doctrine it separating between Self ( Spirit/Consciousness Purusha ) and Matter/Nature ( Prakrti ) is of cardinal importance to Samkhya Philosophy. Samkhya Philosophy elaborates a cardinal dualism between such cognizant Selfs and all the phenomena that is presented to such Selfs by Matter/Nature. Such phenomena of Matter/Nature includes contemplations of the mind, the module that makes things personal ( the I-Maker/Ahamkara ) , the instinctual head ( manas ) , the capacities to comprehend sense informations, the capacities to move, the rules of the elements of sense perceptual experience, and the gross elements. These arise when Prakriti is in the presence of a Purusha, and they become intermeshed and entangled when there is mis-identification between Prakriti and Purusha. False confusion between the Self and what is non the Self is considered the cardinal ignorance that perpetuates bondage in this universe. Liberation is sought by going cognizant of such differentiations on a really deep degree of personal cognition, so that one may finally utilize the great module of the head rational contemplation ( Buddhi/Mahat ) without erroneously placing it with the Purusha, and so the effects of such web will unknot and one will no longer be bound by embodiments or confused by Prakriti In Samkhya doctrine a guna is one of Prakriti s three inclinations : tamas, sattva, and rajas. Guna is the inclination of the head and non the province. For case, sattva guna is that force which tends to convey the head to pureness but is non purity itself. Similarly rajas guna is that force which tends to convey the head to execute some action but is non action itself. Sattva ( originally being, being, entity ) has been translated to intend balance, order, or pureness. This typically implies that a individual with more of Sattva has a positive or even orderly province of head. Such a individual is psychologically sort, composure, qui vive and thoughtful. Rajas leads one to activity. This type of activity is explained by the term Yogakshem. Yogakshem is composed of two words: Yoga and Kshem. Yoga in the present context is geting something that one does non hold. Kshem means losing something that one already has. Rajas is the force that creates desires for geting new things and frights for losing something that 1 has. These desires and frights lead one to activity. Tamas has been translated to intend excessively inactive , negative, unenrgetic, dull, or decelerate. It is the quality of inactiveness which provides coherency for all things. Mentally, it is associated with darkness, psychotic belief, or ignorance. A tamas quality besides can connote that a individual has a suicidal or entropic province of head. That individual is invariably prosecuting destructive activities. Vedanta maintains that Brahman is the lone Immaterial Sentient Existence ; and being non-material and simple, It has to be all pervading and the merely One Reality. Before everything at that place exists Reality as Absolute Consciousness. The Will to go many is the beginning of manifest existence. The Will evolves as Illusion: the Maya. Absolute Consciousness, Brahman, willed to go many , this is Maya. Maya is the cosmic semblance that creates ignorance and veils the vision of the Lone Reality. Due to the power of Maya, the Same Oneness is perceived as multiplex existence. Absolute Consciousness was neer modified, is non modified, and will non be modified. This is the footing of Advaita Vedanta. Based on their experiences the seers or rishis of ancient ages came to the decision that the full manifest existence is the illusive look of One Substance -the Absolute Universal Consciousness. Samkhya with it s double doctrine is said to be the foundation of The Yogasutras and Purusa and Prakriti are a cardinal portion of the text. The beginning of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is the subject of some argument among both historiographers and practicians. For case, there are some people who recognition the authorship of this set of sutras to a syntactician named Patanjali. Later, though, a timeline was constructed that showed that to be improbable. Within the yoga community, though, many say that Patanjali was really merely a compiler and that before the work was written, the Sutras were merely memorized and passed down between instructor and pupil. Timelines do, though, suggest this text was constructed in about the 2nd century B.C. An nonsubjective survey might good propose that Patanjali lived within even a more tight scope of 200 BC to 200 AD ( or around the clip of Jesus ) , than some common guesss ( as if he were the second century BCE syntactician by the same name ) or even the 2nd or 3rd centuries CE based on the day of the months of the first extant commentary ( by Vyasa ) . ATHA YOGANUSASANAM Atha = now, Yoga = Of Yoga, Anusasanam = expounding or direction. Now the expounding of Yoga is being made. ( Patanjali Ch-1, Vs-1 ) The name of this text is named utilizing Sanskrit words: yoga, is a mentality wherein you are able to derive command of feelings and ideas likewise. Sutra literally means thread. This yarn is fundamentally the connexion between the sutras in the work. These Sutras are merely combinations of words threaded together sometimes non even good formed sentences with topics, predicates and so on. Within the infinite of these 196 short Sutras, the full scientific discipline of Yoga is clearly delineated: its purpose, the necessary patterns, the obstructions one may run into along the way, their remotion, and precise descriptions of the consequences that will be obtained from such patterns. ( Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-1 ) . Give a brief sum-up of the four chapters The sutras in the text are divided into four books ( chapters ) . Fifty one of the sutras are contained in the book called Samadhi Pada, 50 five of them are in Sadhana Pada, 50 six are besides in Vibhuti Pada, and thirty four of the sutras can be found in Kaivalya Pada. Yoga Sutras Chapter 1 Concentration Samadhi Pada The book Samadhi Pada contains sutras that are most considered cardinal to yoga. It emphasizes that yoga is about subject and that it is the ability to get the hang your feelings and ideas. Many of the most celebrated yoga sutras come from this peculiar book Concentration: Chapter 1 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Samadhi Pada, which means the chapter on concentration. Chapter 1 describes yoga, witnessing five sorts of ideas, uncoloring ideas, the duplicate rules of pattern and non-attachment, the phases of concentration, attempts and committednesss, obstructions and solutions, and agencies and consequences of stabilising the head. Yoga Sutras Chapter 2 Practice Sadhana Pada In the Sadhana Pada, there is much about pattern since the Sanskrit word sadhana really does average pattern. This chapter is where Kriya Yoga and the eight limbs of yoga foremost look. These facets reflect the thought that yoga is both altruistic and religious. Practices: Chapter 2 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Sadhana Pada, which means the chapter on patterns. Chapter 2 lineations specific tools of attending that are used to consistently carve out, or cut away the obstructions of the interior mental shield that is barricading the visible radiation of the Self within. This includes the first 5 of the 8 rounds of yoga, known as ashtanga yoga. Yoga in the signifier of action ( kriya yoga ) has three parts: Training and sublimating the senses ( tappa ) , Self-study in the context of instructions ( svadhyaya ) , Devotion and allowing travel into the originative beginning from which we emerged ( iswara pranidhana ) . ( tapah svadhyaya ishvara-pranidhana kriya-yogah ) Tapah = literally heat accepting the purifying facets of painful experience, sublimating action, developing the senses Svadhyaya = lit one s ain or self-study in the context of instructions, recollection of sacred word or mantra Iswara = originative beginning, causal field, supreme Guru or teacher. Omniscient But non Omnipotent pranidhana = practising the presence, dedication, devotedness, resignation of fruits of pattern, or contemplation. Kriya-yogah = yoga of pattern, action, mental purification Kriya Yoga: When believing about life and religious patterns, it is easy so to remind yourself of this foundation by internally stating such words as, I need to develop my senses, explore within, and allow travel of these fond regards and antipathies. Contained in a simple sentence like this is the lineation of Kriya Yoga ( that simple sentence contains tapas, svadhyaya, and ishvara pranidhana ) . Iswara pranidhana: The accent of iswara pranidhana pattern is the release or resignation that is done in a sincere, dedicated, or devotional attitude. It is easy to acquire caught up in arguments over the nature of God, Guru, originative beginning, and teacher. Yoga is really wide and non-sectarian, go forthing it unfastened to each single how to comprehend these worlds. The more of import portion is that of allowing go instead than keeping on to the images and desires of the senses ( tappa ) and the personal features and make-up uncovered through self-contemplation ( svadhyaya ) . Iswara: In the Upanishads, the word Iswara is used to denote a province of corporate consciousness. Therefore, The Lord is non a being that sits on a high base beyond the Sun, Moon, and stars ; Iswara is really the province of Ultimate Reality. But due to the deficiency of direct experience, The God has been personified and given assorted names and signifiers by faiths throughout the ages. When one expands one s single consciousness to the Universal Consciousness, it is called Self-fulfillment, for the person ego has realized the integrity of diverseness, the really implicit in rule, or Universal Self, beneath all signifiers and names. This is the cardinal difference between monism and dualism, one is basically theistic and the other is non. Yoga Sutras Chapter 3 Progressing Vibhuti Pada The Vibhuti Pada can be translated power. The functions of the sutras in this peculiar book are to depict and assist the Berra to accomplish full consciousness through yoga. It is basically about achieving higher degrees of consciousness of one s ego. Progressing: Chapter 3 of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Vibhuti Pada, which means the chapter on come oning. Chapter 3 starts by showing the last 3 of the 8 rounds of yoga, which are concentration, speculation, and samadhi, jointly known as samyama. The remainder of the chapter explains how samyama is used as the finer tool to take the subtler head coverings of ignorance. The last three rounds of Yoga: Dharana ( concentration ) , dhyana ( speculation ) , and samadhi are the concluding three rounds of Yoga. Dharana: Concentration is the procedure of keeping or repairing the attending of head onto one object or topographic point. Dhyana: Meditation is sustained concentration, whereby the attending continues to keep or reiterate the same object or topographic point. Samadhi: Samadhi is the deep soaking up, wherein merely the kernel of that object, topographic point, or point radiances Forth in the head, as if the head were barren even of its ain signifier. Phases of attending: It is attending itself, which is increasingly traveling inward through these few phases: Attention leads to concentration ( dharana ) . Concentration leads to speculation ( dhyana ) . Meditation leads to soaking up ( samadhi ) . Yoga Sutras Chapter 4 Liberation Kaivalya Pada Meaning of Kaivalya: The 4th chapter of the Yoga Sutras is entitled Kaivalya Pada. The word Kaivalya literally translates as isolation. It is normally taken to intend release or enlightenment. However, the manner in which isolation is a rather effectual term is that pure consciousness or purusha is now standing entirely, separate from all of the manifestations of prakriti, including literally all of the manifestations or swirlings of all degrees of the head field. In Sutra 1.16 supreme non-attachment is mentioned as a phase beyond the many other degrees of fond regard. Sutra 4.32 explains how the primary elements called gunas have finished their intent and recede in perfect equilibrium into that from which they arose. These are facets or by-products of the procedure of the isolation ( kaivalya ) of pure consciousness ( purusha ) . Purusa is literally liberated from its fond regard to Prakriti. The intent of the whole of creative activity is to give us a context for understanding what we are and what we are non. When we understand that, so there is kaivalya, and prakrti has fulfilled its intent. A individual who experiences kaivalya sees prakrti, the stuff universe, merely as it is, with no intending beyond that. Kaivalya describes the consequence on the personality of being in a uninterrupted province of samadhi. This is the province of inner freedom that yoga strives for. A individual in the province of kaivalya understands the universe so good that he stands apart from it in the sense that he is non influenced by it, although he may good be in a place to act upon the universe. Peoples in kaivalya behave like normal people, but they do non transport the load of the universe on their shoulders. They live in the universe, but they are non capable to it. They are non free from animal perceptual experience or free of the organic structure, they have a pes in both universes . Wherever they happen to be, they are certain of themselves. That is kaivalya. External forces have no power over a individual like this, though he knows the external universe really good. Choose two of the undermentioned subjects: Yogic construct of the head The Kleshas Kriya Yoga Significance of Iswara The Siddhis The Yogic construct of the head YOGAS CITTA VRTTI NIRODHAH Yogas = Yoga, Chitta = of the head material, Vritti = alterations, Nirodhah = restraint. The restraint of the alterations of the head material is Yoga ( Patanjali Ch-1, Vs-2 ) In this Sutra Patanjali gives the end of Yoga. For a acute pupil this one Sutra would be plenty because the remainder of them merely explicate this one. If the restraint of the mental alterations is achieved one has reached the end of Yoga. The full scientific discipline of Yoga is based on this. Patanjali has given the definition of Yoga and at the same clip the pattern. If you can command the rise of the head into ripplings, you will see Yoga ( Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-3,4 ) . Normally, the word Yoga is translated as brotherhood , but for a brotherhood there should be two things to unify. In this instance, what is to unify with what? So here we take Yoga to intend the Yogic experience. The extraordinary experience gained by commanding the alterations of the head itself is called Yoga ( Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-1, Pg-4 ) . There is a Sanskrit expression ; Mana eva manushyanam karanam bandha mokshayoho. As the head, so the adult male ; bondage ; or release are in your head. If you feel bound, you are bound. If you feel liberated you are liberated. Thingss outside neither bind nor liberate you ; merely your attitude toward them does that. These vrittis, or mental activities/modifications, are said to be either painful, or non painful. They are quintuple: PRAMANA VIPARYAYA VIKALPA NIDRA SMRTAYAH Pramana = right cognition ; Viparyaya = misconception, Vikalpa = verbal psychotic beliefs, Nidra = slumber, Smritayah = memory The are right cognition, misconception, verbal psychotic belief, slumber and memory ( Patanjali Ch-I, Vs-6 ) Patanjali explains that right-knowledge can be acquired by direct perceptual experience, illation, or testimony. In other words, one can sail the ocean personally and convey back direct cognition, or one can hear of the travels undertaken by another crewman adventurer, or one can read the book written by the crewman on his return. Even right-knowledge is nevertheless limited as the original crewman still can non cognize everything at that place is to cognize about the ocean he is researching. Wrong-knowledge is likened to the psychotic belief we experience when we see something and believe it to be something else, such as a serpent in the dark which proves to be nil but a rope when seen in daytime. Imagination is perceptual experience which is coloured by notional ideas or dreams. The woolgathering stage of sleep known as the REM stage is littered with random idea forms, but even the deep-sleep phase, which leaves no witting hint in the head, is really a phase of idea. The slumberer knows nil, but knows that he knew nil on waking. All immaterial idea is temporarily suspended and merely the idea of emptiness remains to go forth an feeling on waking. Memory is the procedure of retrieving past experience. Each memory is foremost processed to do it toothsome, and so filed for future mention, go forthing an feeling in the head. These feelings can either stay on the surface of the head and be recalled at will, or drop to the underside where they take root. Patanjali describes the restless head as surpassing ( paranga cetana ) and the quiet inward-turned head as ( pratyak cetana ) I.29. When the head focuses on external influences the Self appears to presume the signifiers and images projected by the head. When the vritti activities are quietened through sensory backdown, concentration, and speculation, adult male is said to rest in his true nature. Patanjali gives us two tools which will assist us command the head abhyasa or regular, sustained pattern, and vairagya, a procedure of withdrawal from objects of desire, which is attained as a direct consequence of abhyasa. Patanjali likens both provinces of head to a mirror. When the mirror is dust-covered or smeared, it reflects a deformed image of whatever it reflects. When the mirror is cleaned the image is reflected without deformation, reflecting in its ain kernel samadhi. Patanjali concludes by stating that success in Yoga depends on the strength of our desire for enlightenment, and the sum of attempt we are prepared to set into our pattern. The Siddhis KAYEDRIYA SIDDHIR ASUDDHI KSAYAT TAPASAH Kaya = organic structure, Indriya = senses, Siddhi = supernatural powers, Asuddhi = drosss, kshayat = due to devastation, Tapasah = asceticisms. By asceticism, drosss of the organic structure and senses are destroyed and occult powers gained. ( Patanjali Ch-2, Vs-43 ) Siddhi is a Sanskrit word that literally means accomplishment , attainment , or success . It is besides used as a term for religious power ( or psychic ability ) . The term is used in that sense in Hinduism and Tantric Buddhism. These religious powers purportedly vary from comparatively simple signifiers of second sight to being able to levitate, to be present at assorted topographic points at one time, to go every bit little as an atom, to happen objects, to hold entree to memories from past lives, and more. There are many positions of achieving Siddhis. One school of idea provinces that they are a normal set of happenings that should non be focused upon because they will draw one from the way. Other positions hold that each siddhi should be pursued because it will let one to understand the power of the Godhead. Siddhis may happen in many ways: of course though the bureau of karma, as a consequence of extended pattern ( sadhana ) , through strict asceticisms ( tapasya ) or by grace. They are frequently mentioned in concurrence with Riddhi ( pl Riddhis ) , which means stuff or worldly wealth, power, epicurean life styles, etc. TRAYAM EKATRA SAMYAMAH Trayam = the three ; Ekatra = upon one object ; samyama = the pattern of dharana, dhyana and samadhi. The pattern of these three ( dharana, dhyana and samadhi ) upon one object is called samyama. ( Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-4 ) From the pattern of samyama, come the siddhis. You dive profoundly into an object or thought, and it releases its secrets. In a manner, scientists have done samyama on the atomic atoms. The atoms released their energy, and the scientists got the cognition of them. They accomplished the truth behind the atoms. Samyama is normally done on objects or thoughts connected with consequences. When the consequences come, you call them siddhis or vibhuti. ( Patanjali Ch-3, Pg-177 ) . TAD VAIRAGYAD API DOSA BIJA KSAYE KAIVALYAM Tad = that ; Vairagyat = by non fond regard ; Api = even ; Dosha bija = seed of bondage ; Kshaye = destroyed ; Kaivalyam = independency. By non fond regard even to that ( all these siddhis ) , the seed of bondage is destroyed and therefore follows Kaivalya ( Independence ) ( Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-51 ) This means that all those siddhis are beautiful, but they will adhere us, because siddhis are the result of the head. The head wants something. It wants to accomplish this or that. What for? To be proud of itself, It develops ego, It makes your I and mine bigger, Selfish desires are still at that place. So are the siddhis bad? If so why are they at that place? I say they are non bad. They are beautiful ; they are good. When? They come to you. When you run after them they are bad. That s all the difference. Let the siddhis semen and beg. Do nt go a slave or attached to siddhis allow them come to you and be used as tools ( Sri Swami Satchidananda The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Ch-3, Pg-199,200 ) . Nine chief Siddhis Parkaya Pravesha: Parkaya Pravesh means one s psyche come ining into the organic structure of some other individual. Through this cognition even a dead organic structure can be brought to life. Haadi Vidya: This Vidya or cognition has been mentioned in several ancient texts. On geting this Vidya, a individual feels neither hunger nor thirst, and can stay without eating nutrient or imbibing H2O for several yearss at a stretch. Kaadi Vidya: Merely as one does non experience hungry or thirsty in Haadi Vidya, likewise in Kaadi Vidya a individual is non affected by alteration of seasons, i.e. by summer, winter, rain, etc. After carry throughing this Vidya, a individual shall non experience cold even if he sits in the snow-laden mountains, and shall non experience hot even if he sits in the fire. Vayu Gaman Siddhi: Through this Siddhi a individual can go capable of winging in the skies and going from one topographic point to another in merely a few seconds. Madalasa Vidya: On carry throughing this Vidya, a individual becomes capable of increasing or diminishing the size of his organic structure harmonizing to his want. Lord Hanuman had miniaturized his organic structure through this Vidya while come ining the metropolis of Lanka. Kanakdhara Siddhi: One can get immense and limitless wealth through this Siddhi. Prakya Sadhana: Through this Sadhana a Yogi can direct his adherent to take birth from the uterus of a adult female who is childless or can non bear kids. Surya Vigyan: This solar scientific discipline is one of the most important scientific disciplines of ancient India. This scientific discipline has been known merely to the Indian Yogis ; utilizing it, one substance can be transformed into another through the medium of Sun beams. Mrit Sanjeevani Vidya: This Vidya was created by Guru Shukracharya. Through it, even a dead individual can be brought back to life. I recognise some of these Siddhis from the Shaman rites that are carried out, for illustration the native Americans used rituals/dances and enchantments to empthise and take on the features and power of wolves and bird of Joves, have oning plumes and or wolf hide etc. to assist raise the powers. ( vitamin D ) List the Yama and niyamas and give a brief interlingual rendition of their names. Do you experience they are regulations to be observed? Or are they the consequence of sustained pattern of yoga? Yamas: There are many readings of and sentiments about the Yama and niyamas. While the ancient Indian text, the Bhagavata Purana assigns 12 yogic restraints the Parashar Smriti, another text, puts frontward 10. But the Yama as described in Patanjali s Yoga Sutras there are merely five, which are besides known as the great cosmopolitan vows or the sarvabhauma Maha vratas, because they are non limited by either category, credo, clip or fortunes. They are the guidelines for how we interact with the outer universe, the societal subjects to steer us in our relationships with others. These five are: Ahimsa ( non-violence ) , Satya ( truthfulness ) , Asteya ( non-stealing ) , Brahmacharya ( celibacy ) and Aparigraha ( non-covetousness ) Niyamas: The niyamas are the 2nd components of Ashtanga Yoga. How we interact with ourselves, our internal universe. The niyamas are about self-regulation-helping us maintain a positive environment in which to turn. Their pattern harnesses the energy generated from the cultivation of the earlier Yama. Harmonizing to sage Yajnavalkya, there are 10 niyamas and the Bhagavad Gita lists 11 components. But Patanjali names merely five: Shaucha or pureness, Santosha or contentment, Tapa or asceticism, Swadhyaya or self-cultivation and Ishwar-Pranidhan or speculation on the Divine The Benefits of Practicing Yamas and Niyamas: The Yama and niyamas aid in pull offing our energy in an integrative mode, complementing our outer life to our inner development. They help us see ourselves with compassion and consciousness. They help in esteeming the values of this life, in equilibrating our interior growing with outer restraint. In short they help us to take a conscious-life. Yamas and niyamas are non approximately right and incorrect. They are about being honest with the true Self. Populating harmonizing to these rules are about populating our lives in a better manner, about traveling towards an apprehension, about doing it possible to connect with the Divine. Specify the footings dharana, dhyana and samadhi. Briefly summarise the differences between them. The last three rounds of Yoga: Dharana ( concentration ) , dhyana ( speculation ) , and samadhi are the concluding three rounds of Yoga. Dharana: Concentration is the procedure of keeping or repairing the attending of head onto one object or topographic point. DESABANDHAS CITTASYA DHARANA Desabandhah = adhering to one topographic point ; chittasya = of the head ; dharana = concentration. Dharana is the binding of the head to one topographic point, object or thought. ( Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-1 ) . Dhyana: Meditation is sustained concentration, whereby the attending continues to keep or reiterate the same object or topographic point. TATRA PRATYAYAIKATANATA DHYANAM Tatra = therein ; Pratyaya = flow of knowledge ; Ekatanata = continued ; Dhyanam = speculation. Dhyana is the uninterrupted flow of knowledge toward that object. ( Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-2 ) . Samadhi: Samadhi is the deep soaking up, wherein merely the kernel of that object, topographic point, or point radiances Forth in the head, as if the head were barren even of its ain signifier. TAD EVARTHMATRA NIRBHASAM SVARUPA SUNYAM IVA SAMADHIH Tad eva = that ( speculation ) itself ; Arthamatra = the object entirely ; Nirbhasam = reflecting ; Svarupa = of its ain signifier ; Sunyam = devoid of ; Iva = as if samadhih = contemplation. Samadhih is the same speculation when there is the shinig of the object entirely, as if devoid of signifier. ( Patanjali Ch-3, Vs-3 ) . The differences between Dharana, Meditation and Samadhi are elusive but profound, in my position they are more complimentary than different, they are like a two dimensional saber saw, when joined up becomes 3-dimensional. In Dharana you are developing the head. It is the beginning of speculation. Concentration is the beginning of speculation. Normally, we see our head running here and at that place. When we try to repair it on one thing, within a fraction of a 2nd we see it someplace else, maintaining it fixed on one thing is concentration. Meditation is the apogee of concentration, uninterrupted flow ; it is like pouring oil from one pot into another. The head is fixed ; communicating between meditator and object is steady. Time and infinite has no significance in speculation ; when you feel five proceedingss as an hr, you are non chew overing ; you are still concentrating, whereas when an hr feels like five proceedingss that is speculation. Meditation culminates in the province of Samadhih. One ca nt consciously pattern Samadhih. In Samadhih there is neither the object nor the meditator. There is no feeling of I am chew overing on that .